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Fiscus Judaicus
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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Der Fiscus Judaicus (lateinisch fΓΌr Judensteuer) war eine Steuer, die den Juden nach der ZerstΓΆrung des Jerusalemer Tempels im Jahre 70 n. Chr. von Kaiser Vespasian auferlegt wurde. Er ersetzte die Tempelsteuer, (hebrΓ€isch ΧΧΧ¦ΧΧͺ ΧΧ©Χ§Χ). Die Steuer kam anfΓ€nglich dem Wiederaufbau des Tempels des Jupiter Optimus Maximus in Rom zugute, der durch einen Brand beschΓ€digt worden war.cite-ref-jew-enc-fj-1-0[1]
Contents
β’ Geschichte
β’ Weblinks
β’ Einzelnachweise
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
Geschichte
GemÀà Sueton wurde der Fiscus Judaicus unter Kaiser Domitian besonders streng eingetrieben,cite-ref-bib-arch-fj-2-0[2]cite-ref-3[3] und er wurde auch von Judenchristen und Heidenchristen eingezogen,cite-ref-4[4]cite-ref-5[5] denn die Râmer betrachteten zu diesem Zeitpunkt beide Gruppierungen als AusprÀgungen des Judentums.cite-ref-6[6]cite-ref-heemstra-202-7-0[7]
Unter Kaiser Nerva wurden dann MΓΌnzen geprΓ€gt, die die Aufschrift FISCI IUDAICI CALUMNIA SUBLATA trugen.cite-ref-jew-enc-fj-1-1[1]cite-ref-bib-arch-fj-2-1[2] Die Inschrift ist nicht eindeutig, es besteht aber Γbereinstimmung, dass der Fiscus Judaicus in irgendeiner Form reformiert wurde.cite-ref-jew-enc-fj-1-2[1]cite-ref-bib-arch-fj-2-2[2] GemÀà dieser Quelle gibt es mehrere MΓΆglichkeiten der Γbersetzung.cite-ref-8[8] Laut dieser Quellecite-ref-9[9] wurde nur die Praxis der falschen Anschuldigung, dass jemand AnhΓ€nger des Judentums sei, zurΓΌckgenommen. Wie Cassius Dio berichtet, wurde z. B. Titus Flavius Clemens, der Cousin von Kaiser Domitian wegen dieser Anschuldigung hingerichtet.cite-ref-10[10]
GemÀà dieser Quellecite-ref-13[13] führte die Reform des Fiscus Judaicus unter Nerva zu einer Trennung der Wege von Judentum und Christentum.cite-ref-14[14] Vor der Reform von Nerva war den Râmern das Christentum zwar suspekt, wurde aber als Teil des Judentums angesehen.cite-ref-heemstra-202-7-1[7] Seit dem Jahr 96 n. Chr. verwendete die râmische Obrigkeit dann eine strengere Definition des Begriffs Jude, die es ihr erleichterte, zwischen dem Judentum (als religio licita, einer im Reich akzeptierten Religion) und dem Christentum (als superstitio illicita, eines illegalen Aberglaubens) zu unterscheiden.cite-ref-15[15]cite-ref-16[16]
Weblinks
β’ Judensteuern im RΓΆmischen Reich, insbesondere Kapitel 3.5.3
Einzelnachweise
cite-note-jew-enc-fj-11. β https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6157-fiscus-judaicus
cite-note-bib-arch-fj-22. β https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/
cite-note-33. β Louis H. Feldman, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Joshua J. Schwartz; Studies in Josephus And the Varieties of Ancient Judaism, BRILL, 2007, S. 86 βthat under Domitian iudaicus fiscus acerbissime actus estβ
cite-note-44. β https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/ β[β¦] those who lived a Jewish life without publicly acknowledging the fact and those who concealed their Jewish origins. [β¦] Heemstra argues that the first category includes gentile Christians (who lived a Jewish life without publicly acknowledging the fact) and the second includes Jewish Christians (ethnic Jews who concealed their Jewish origins).β
cite-note-55. β https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6157-fiscus-judaicus β[β¦] those that lived a Jewish life without paying the tax, or that sought to keep their origin secret [β¦]β
cite-note-66. β https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/ βIn other words, the Romans regarded both gentile Christianity and Jewish Christianity as forms of Judaism, hence liable to the tax.β
cite-note-heemstra-202-77. β Marius Heemstra: The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways, Mohr Siebeck, 2010, S. 202 βChristianity related to Judaism, but suspectβ
cite-note-88. β Louis H. Feldman, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Joshua J. Schwartz; Studies in Josephus And the Varieties of Ancient Judaism, BRILL, 2007, S. 85β87 A. [A specific case in which] a false accusation was brought to the treasury for Jewish affairs has been struck out. B. [All bringing of] malicious accusation[s] to the treasury responsible for Jewish affairs has been brought to an end. C. A [specific case in which] a false accusation was brought by the treasury for Jewish affairs has been struck out. D. The false accusation [against all Jews made by] the treasury for Jewish affairs has been wiped away.
cite-note-99. β E. Mary Smallwood: The Jews Under Roman Rule, BRILL, 2001, S. 378 βThe coins commemorate the abolition [β¦] of calumnia, false charges [β¦] the coin-legend concentrates on groundless denunciations [β¦] and proclaims the end of the abuse [β¦]β
cite-note-1010. β E. Mary Smallwood: The Jews Under Roman Rule, BRILL, 2001, S. 378 β[β¦] the charge against them was atheism, a charge on which many others who were drifting into Jewish ways were condemned [β¦]β
cite-note-1111. β Martin Goodman: Nerva, the Fiscus Judaicus and Jewish Identity, The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 79, (1989), S. 44 β[β¦] for its imposition was still in operation in the time of Origen [β¦]β
cite-note-1212. β https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.asp βIn a famous Greek letter to the Jews, [β¦], he abolished the special taxes paid to the Roman government [β¦]β
cite-note-1313. β Marius Heemstra: The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways, Mohr Siebeck, 2010
cite-note-1414. β https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/reviews/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways/ βIn sum, the social, political and cultural separation between Jews and Christians, usually called the βparting of the waysβ, was substantially complete by 100 C.E., and set in place first and foremost by Nerva in 96 C.E. as part of his reform of the fiscus Judaicus.β
cite-note-1515. β http://www.mohr.de/de/judaistik/fachgebiete/antike/buch/the-fiscus-judaicus-and-the-parting-of-the-ways.html@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.mohr.de (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im April 2018. Suche in Webarchiven) Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prΓΌfe den Link gemÀà Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
cite-note-1616. β Marius Heemstra: The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways, Mohr Siebeck, 2010, S. 201β203